The 1987 agricultural recovery: a district perspective

Farm income ; Farms - Valuation ; Federal Reserve District, 8th

Farm policy and mandatory supply controls - the case of tobacco

Agricultural price supports ; Tobacco industry

A review of the Eighth District's agricultural economy in 1986

Agriculture ; Farm income ; Agricultural credit ; Federal Reserve District, 8th

A Parallel Tree-SPH code for Galaxy Formation

We describe a new implementation of a parallel Tree-SPH code with the aim to simulate Galaxy Formation and Evolution. The code has been parallelized using SHMEM, a Cray proprietary library to handle communications between the 256 processors of the Silicon Graphics T3E massively parallel supercomputer hosted by the Cineca Supercomputing Center (Bologna, Italy). The code combines the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method to solve hydro-dynamical equations with the popular Barnes and Hut (1986) tree-code to perform gravity calculation with a NlogN scaling, and it is based on the scalar Tree-SPH code developed by Carraro et al(1998)[MNRAS 297, 1021]. Parallelization is achieved distributing particles along processors according to a work-load criterion. Benchmarks, in terms of load-balance and scalability, of the code are analyzed and critically discussed against the adiabatic collapse of an isothermal gas sphere test using 20,000 particles on 8 processors. The code results balanced at more that 95% level. Increasing the number of processors, the load-balance slightly worsens. The deviation from perfect scalability at increasing number of processors is almost negligible up to 32 processors. Finally we present a simulation of the formation of an X-ray galaxy cluster in a flat cold dark matter cosmology, using 200,000 particles and 32 processors, and compare our results with Evrard (1988) P3M-SPH simulations. Additionaly we have incorporated radiative cooling, star formation, feed-back from SNae of type II and Ia, stellar winds and UV flux from massive stars, and an algorithm to follow the chemical enrichment of the inter-stellar medium. Simulations with some of these ingredients are also presented.Comment: 19 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

Star formation and chemical evolution in SPH simulations: a statistical approach

In Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics (SPH) codes with a large number of particles, star formation as well as gas and metal restitution from dying stars can be treated statistically. This approach allows to include detailed chemical evolution and gas re-ejection with minor computational effort. Here we report on a new statistical algorithm for star formation and chemical evolution, especially conceived for SPH simulations with large numbers of particles, and for parallel SPH codes. For the sake of illustration, we present also two astrophysical simulations obtained with this algorithm, implemented into the Tree-SPH code by Lia & Carraro (2000). In the first one, we follow the formation of an individual disc-like galaxy, predict the final structure and metallicity evolution, and test resolution effects. In the second one we simulate the formation and evolution of a cluster of galaxies, to demonstrate the capabilities of the algorithm in investigating the chemo-dynamical evolution of galaxies and of the intergalactic medium in a cosmological context.Comment: 17 pages, 20 figures, accepted for publication on MNRA

The dubious success of export subsidies for wheat

Farm produce ; Exports ; Export controls

THE EFFECT OF INTERSTATE BANKING ON FARM LENDER MARKET SHARES IN NEW YORK STATE

Commercial bank loans to New York farmers are significantly overestimated in the reported USDA statistics due to out-of-state lending and reporting of some agribusiness loans as agricultural loans by New York State banks. Correcting for this distortion lowers the 1978-84 average New York agricultural credit market share held by banks from 36 to 24 percent. As deregulation allows more interstate banking activity, the overestimate of agricultural loan volume in states with money center banks and the corresponding underestimate of loan levels and market shares in nonmoney center states could cause increased distortion of state level farm debt statistics.Agricultural Finance,

The cost of checkable deposits in the United States

Checking accounts ; Bank deposits ; Banks and banking - Costs

The status of farm lenders: an assessment of Eighth District and national trends

Agricultural credit ; Agriculture